Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-5G ne-4G?
Indaba yanamuhla iqala ngefomula.
Kuyifomula elula kodwa enomlingo.Ilula ngoba inezinhlamvu ezintathu kuphela.Futhi iyamangalisa ngoba iyifomula equkethe imfihlakalo yobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana.
Ifomula ithi:
Ngivumele ngichaze ifomula, okuyifomula yefiziksi eyisisekelo, isivinini sokukhanya = ubude begagasi * imvamisa.
Mayelana nefomula, ungathi: noma ngabe i-1G, i-2G, i-3G, noma i-4G, i-5G, konke ngokwakho.
Kunezintambo?Okungenantambo?
Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana - ukuxhumana ngocingo kanye nokuxhumana okungenantambo.
Uma ngikushayela ucingo, idatha yolwazi isemoyeni (engabonakali nengaphatheki) noma into ebonakalayo (ebonakalayo nebambekayo).
Uma idluliselwa ezintweni ezibonakalayo, ukuxhumana ngezintambo.Isetshenziswa ngocingo lwethusi, i-optical fiber., njll., konke okubizwa ngokuthi imidiya enezintambo.
Uma idatha idluliswa ngemidiya enezintambo, izinga lingafinyelela amanani aphezulu kakhulu.
Isibonelo, elabhorethri, isivinini esiphezulu se-fiber eyodwa sifinyelele ku-26Tbps;yizikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha zekhebula lendabuko.
I-Optical Fiber
Ukuxhumana ngomoya kuyisithiyo sokuxhumana kweselula.
Izinga lamanje leselula elivamile yi-4G LTE, isivinini esicatshangelwayo esingu-150Mbps kuphela (ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa inkampani yenethiwekhi).Lokhu akulutho neze uma kuqhathaniswa nekhebula.
Ngakho-ke,uma i-5G ihlose ukufeza ukuphela kwesivinini esiphezulu, iphuzu elibalulekile ukugqekeza ibhodlela elingenantambo.
Njengoba sonke sazi, ukuxhumana okungenantambo ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi kagesi ukuze kuxhumane.Amagagasi kagesi namagagasi okukhanya womabili amagagasi kagesi.
Imvamisa yayo inquma umsebenzi wegagasi logesi.Amagagasi kagesi wamaza ahlukene anezici ezihlukene ngakho anezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Isibonelo, imisebe ye-gamma enemvamisa ephezulu inobungozi obukhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha izimila.
Njengamanje ikakhulukazi sisebenzisa amaza kagesi ukuxhumana.Yebo, kukhona ukukhuphuka kokuxhumana okubonakalayo, njenge-LIFI.
I-LiFi (ukwethembeka okukhanyayo), ukuxhumana okukhanyayo okubonakalayo.
Ake sibuyele kumaza omsakazo kuqala.
Ama-elekthronikhi ayingxenye yohlobo lwamagagasi kagesi.Izinsiza zayo zokuvama zilinganiselwe.
Sahlukanisa imvamisa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene futhi sababela izinto ezahlukahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa ukugwema ukuphazamiseka nokungqubuzana.
| Igama lebhendi | Isifinyezo | Inombolo yebhendi ye-ITU | Imvamisa kanye ne-Wavelength | Izibonelo Zokusebenzisa |
| Imvamisa Ephansi Kakhulu | I-ELF | 1 | 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km | Ukuxhumana nemikhumbi-ngwenya |
| Imvamisa Ephansi Kakhulu | I-SLF | 2 | 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km | Ukuxhumana nemikhumbi-ngwenya |
| I-Ultra Low Frequency | ULF | 3 | 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km | Ukuxhumana Ngemikhumbi-ngwenya, Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwezimayini |
| Imvamisa ephansi kakhulu | I-VLF | 4 | 3-30KHz100-10km | Ukuzulazula, amasignali esikhathi, ukuxhumana ngaphansi kolwandle, iziqapha zokushaya kwenhliziyo ezingenantambo, i-geophysics |
| Imvamisa ephansi | LF | 5 | 30-300KHz10-1km | Ukuzulazula, amasiginali wesikhathi, ukusakaza kwe-AM Longwave (iYurophu nezingxenye ze-Asia), i-RFID, umsakazo wezinganekwane |
| Imvamisa emaphakathi | MF | 6 | 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m | Ukusakazwa kwe-AM (igagasi elimaphakathi), umsakazo wezimfundamakhwela, amabhikhoni e-avalanche |
| Imvamisa ephezulu | HF | 7 | 3-30MHz100-10M | Ukusakazwa kwe-Shortwave, umsakazo webhendi yezakhamizi, umsakazo we-amateur kanye nezokuxhumana zezindiza ezingaphezulu, i-RFID, i-radar ephezulu, ukusungulwa kwesixhumanisi esizenzakalelayo (ALE) / ezokuxhumana eziseduze kwe-vertical incidence skywave (NVIS), ucingo lomsakazo wasolwandle nomakhalekhukhwini |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-VHF | 8 | 30-300MHz10-1m | Ukhozi FM, ukusakazwa komabonakude, ulayini wokubonwayo ukusuka phansi kuye-indiza kanye nokuxhumana kwendiza kuya endizeni, ukuxhumana kwamaselula omhlaba kanye nowasolwandle, umsakazo wezingane, umsakazo wesimo sezulu |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-UHF | 9 | 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m | Ukusakaza kukamabonakude, i-microwave oven, i-microwave/izokuxhumana, i-radio astronomy, omakhalekhukhwini, i-LAN engenantambo, i-Bluetooth, i-ZigBee, i-GPS kanye nemisakazo yezindlela ezimbili efana ne-land mobile, imisakazo ye-FRS kanye ne-GMRS, umsakazo wezinganekwane, umsakazo wesathelayithi, Amasistimu okulawula kude, I-ADSB |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-SHF | 10 | 3-30GHz100-10 mm | I-Radio astronomy, amadivayisi/ukuxhumana kwe-microwave, i-LAN engenantambo, i-DSRC, ama-radar amaningi esimanjemanje, amasathelayithi okuxhumana, ikhebula nokusakaza komabonakude ngesathelayithi, i-DBS, irediyo yezinganekwane, irediyo yesethelayithi |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-EHF | 11 | 30-300GHz10-1 mm | I-Radio astronomy, i-high-frequency microwave radio relay, inzwa yerimothi ye-microwave, umsakazo wenganekwane, isikhali samandla aqondisiwe, isithwebuli se-millimeter wave, Wireless Lan 802.11ad |
| I-Terahertz noma imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-THF | 12 | 300-3,000GHz1-0.1mm | Imifanekiso yezokwelashwa yokuhlola ukuze ithathele indawo ama-X-ray, amandla e-molecular dynamics, i-condensed-matter physics, i-terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, i-terahertz computing/communications, remote sensing |
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaza omsakazo amaza ahlukene
Sisebenzisa ikakhulukaziI-MF-SHFyokuxhumana ngomakhalekhukhwini.
Isibonelo, i-“GSM900” kanye ne-“CDMA800” ivamise ukubhekisa ku-GSM esebenza ku-900MHz kanye ne-CDMA esebenza ngo-800MHz.
Njengamanje, izinga lobuchwepheshe elijwayelekile le-4G LTE lingele-UHF ne-SHF.
I-China isebenzisa kakhulu i-SHF
Njengoba ubona, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, ifrikhwensi yomsakazo esetshenziswayo iya ngokuya ikhuphuka.
Kungani?
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapho imvamisa iphezulu, izinsiza zokuvama zitholakala kakhulu.Uma izinsiza zefrikhwensi zitholakala, izinga lokudlulisela lingafinyelelwa phezulu.
Imvamisa ephezulu isho izinsiza eziningi, okusho isivinini esisheshayo.
Ngakho-ke, yini i-5 G esebenzisa amafrikhwensi athile?
Njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi:
Ububanzi bemvamisa ye-5G ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: eyodwa ingaphansi kwe-6GHz, engahlukile kakhulu ku-2G yethu yamanje, i-3G, i-4G, kanti enye, ephakeme, ngaphezu kwe-24GHz.
Njengamanje, i-28GHz iyibhendi yokuhlola yamazwe ngamazwe ehamba phambili (ibhendi yefrikhwensi ingase ibe ibhendi yokuqala yokuhweba ye-5G)
Uma kubalwa ngo-28GHz, ngokwefomula esiyishilo ngenhla:
Nokho, leso isici sokuqala sobuchwepheshe se-5G
I-Millimeter-wave
Ngivumele ukuthi ngibonise ithebula lefrikhwensi futhi:
| Igama lebhendi | Isifinyezo | Inombolo yebhendi ye-ITU | Imvamisa kanye ne-Wavelength | Izibonelo Zokusebenzisa |
| Imvamisa Ephansi Kakhulu | I-ELF | 1 | 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km | Ukuxhumana nemikhumbi-ngwenya |
| Imvamisa Ephansi Kakhulu | I-SLF | 2 | 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km | Ukuxhumana nemikhumbi-ngwenya |
| I-Ultra Low Frequency | ULF | 3 | 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km | Ukuxhumana Ngemikhumbi-ngwenya, Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwezimayini |
| Imvamisa ephansi kakhulu | I-VLF | 4 | 3-30KHz100-10km | Ukuzulazula, amasignali esikhathi, ukuxhumana ngaphansi kolwandle, iziqapha zokushaya kwenhliziyo ezingenantambo, i-geophysics |
| Imvamisa ephansi | LF | 5 | 30-300KHz10-1km | Ukuzulazula, amasiginali wesikhathi, ukusakaza kwe-AM Longwave (iYurophu nezingxenye ze-Asia), i-RFID, umsakazo wezinganekwane |
| Imvamisa emaphakathi | MF | 6 | 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m | Ukusakazwa kwe-AM (igagasi elimaphakathi), umsakazo wezimfundamakhwela, amabhikhoni e-avalanche |
| Imvamisa ephezulu | HF | 7 | 3-30MHz100-10M | Ukusakazwa kwe-Shortwave, umsakazo webhendi yezakhamizi, umsakazo we-amateur kanye nezokuxhumana zezindiza ezingaphezulu, i-RFID, i-radar ephezulu, ukusungulwa kwesixhumanisi esizenzakalelayo (ALE) / ezokuxhumana eziseduze kwe-vertical incidence skywave (NVIS), ucingo lomsakazo wasolwandle nomakhalekhukhwini |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-VHF | 8 | 30-300MHz10-1m | Ukhozi FM, ukusakazwa komabonakude, ulayini wokubonwayo ukusuka phansi kuye-indiza kanye nokuxhumana kwendiza kuya endizeni, ukuxhumana kwamaselula omhlaba kanye nowasolwandle, umsakazo wezingane, umsakazo wesimo sezulu |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-UHF | 9 | 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m | Ukusakaza kukamabonakude, i-microwave oven, i-microwave/izokuxhumana, i-radio astronomy, omakhalekhukhwini, i-LAN engenantambo, i-Bluetooth, i-ZigBee, i-GPS kanye nemisakazo yezindlela ezimbili efana ne-land mobile, imisakazo ye-FRS kanye ne-GMRS, umsakazo wezinganekwane, umsakazo wesathelayithi, Amasistimu okulawula kude, I-ADSB |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-SHF | 10 | 3-30GHz100-10 mm | I-Radio astronomy, amadivayisi/ukuxhumana kwe-microwave, i-LAN engenantambo, i-DSRC, ama-radar amaningi esimanjemanje, amasathelayithi okuxhumana, ikhebula nokusakaza komabonakude ngesathelayithi, i-DBS, irediyo yezinganekwane, irediyo yesethelayithi |
| Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | I-EHF | 11 | 30-300GHz10-1 mm | I-Radio astronomy, i-high-frequency microwave radio relay, inzwa yerimothi ye-microwave, umsakazo wenganekwane, isikhali samandla aqondisiwe, isithwebuli se-millimeter wave, Wireless Lan 802.11ad |
| I-Terahertz noma imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu | Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-THF | 12 | 300-3,000GHz1-0.1mm | Imifanekiso yezokwelashwa yokuhlola ukuze ithathele indawo ama-X-ray, amandla e-molecular dynamics, i-condensed-matter physics, i-terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, i-terahertz computing/communications, remote sensing |
Sicela unake iphuzu elibalulekile.Ingabe lokho ai-millimeter-wave!
Hhayi-ke, njengoba amafrikhwensi aphezulu amahle kakhulu, kungani singazange sisebenzise ifrikhwensi ephezulu ngaphambilini?
Isizathu silula:
– akukhona ukuthi awufuni ukuyisebenzisa.Ukuthi awukwazi ukukukhokhela.
Izici eziphawulekayo zamagagasi kagesi: ukuphakama kwefrikhwensi, ubude begagasi bufushane, ukusondela ekusakazeni komugqa (ikhono lokuhlukanisa libe libi kakhulu).Lapho i-frequency iphezulu, i-attenuation inkulu phakathi nendawo.
Bheka ipeni lakho lelaser (ubude begagasi bucishe bube ngu-635nm).Ukukhanya okukhishwayo kuqondile.Uma ukuvimbile, ngeke ukwazi ukudlula.
Bese ubheka ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kanye nokuzulazula kwe-GPS (ubude begagasi bucishe bube ngu-1cm).Uma kukhona ukuphazamiseka, ngeke kube khona isignali.
Ibhodwe elikhulu lesathelayithi kufanele lilinganiswe ukuze likhombe isathelayithi endaweni efanele, noma ngisho nokungaqondani kahle okuncane kuzothinta ikhwalithi yesiginali.
Uma ukuxhumana kweselula kusebenzisa ibhendi yefrikhwensi ephezulu, inkinga yakhona ebaluleke kakhulu ibanga lokudlulisela elifinyeziwe kakhulu, nekhono lokumboza liyancipha kakhulu.
Ukumboza indawo efanayo, inani leziteshi ze-5G ezidingekayo lizodlula kakhulu i-4G.
Isho ukuthini inombolo yeziteshi?Imali, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezindleko.
Uma imvamisa ephansi, inethiwekhi izoba eshibhile, futhi izoncintisana kakhulu.Yingakho bonke abathwali bezabalaze ukuthola amabhendi efrikhwensi ephansi.
Amanye amabhendi aze abizwe - amabhendi amafrikhwensi egolide.
Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe kulezi zizathu ezingenhla, ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuvama okuphezulu, ukunciphisa ukucindezela kwezindleko zokwakha inethiwekhi, i-5G kumele ithole indlela entsha yokuphuma.
Futhi yiziphi izindlela zokuphuma?
Okokuqala, kukhona i-micro base station.
Isiteshi se-Micro base
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zeziteshi eziyisisekelo, iziteshi ezincane kanye neziteshi ezinkulu.Bheka igama, futhi i-micro base station incane;i-macro base station inkulu kakhulu.
Isiteshi esikhulu esiyisisekelo:
Ukumboza indawo enkulu.
Isiteshi sesisekelo esincane:
Incane kakhulu.
Iziteshi eziningi ezincane manje, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasendlini, zivame ukubonakala.
Ngokuzayo, uma kukhulunywa nge-5G, kuzoba nokunye okuningi, futhi kuzofakwa yonke indawo, cishe yonke indawo.
Ungase ubuze, ingabe kuzoba khona umthelela emzimbeni womuntu uma kuneziteshi eziningi kangaka eziyisisekelo?
Impendulo yami ithi-cha.
Uma kuneziteshi eziningi eziyisisekelo, i-radiation iyancipha.
Cabanga ngakho, ebusika, endlini eneqembu labantu, kungcono yini ukuba ne-heater eyodwa yamandla aphezulu noma ama-heaters amaningana aphansi?
Isiteshi esincane, amandla aphansi futhi afanele wonke umuntu.
Uma kuphela isiteshi esikhulu sesisekelo, imisebe ibalulekile futhi ikude kakhulu, asikho isignali.
Luphi uthi lwezimpondo?
Uke waqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini babenothi olude esikhathini esidlule, futhi omakhalekhukhwini bokuqala babenezimpondo ezincane?Kungani singenazo izinti manje?
Hhayi-ke, akukhona ukuthi asizidingi izimpondo;ukuthi izimpondo zethu ziba zincane.
Ngokwezici ze-antenna, ubude be-antenna kufanele bulingane nobude begagasi, cishe phakathi kuka-1/10 ~ 1/4
Njengoba isikhathi sishintsha, imvamisa yokuxhumana yomakhalekhukhwini bethu iya ngokuya iba phezulu, futhi ubude begagasi buya ngokuba bufushane futhi buba mfushane, futhi uthi nalo luzoshesha.
Ukuxhumana kwe-Millimeter-wave, i-antenna nayo iba yizinga lamamilimitha
Lokhu kusho ukuthi uthi lungafakwa luphelele kumakhalekhukhwini ngisho nezimpondo ezimbalwa.
Lona ukhiye wesithathu we-5G
I-MIMO enkulu (Ubuchwepheshe be-Multi-antenna)
I-MIMO, okusho okokufaka okuningi, okuphumayo okuningi.
Esikhathini se-LTE, sesivele sine-MIMO, kodwa inani lezimpondo alilikhulu kakhulu, futhi Kungashiwo ukuthi iyinguqulo yangaphambili ye-MIMO.
Esikhathini se-5G, ubuchwepheshe be-MIMO buba inguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-Massive MIMO.
Umakhalekhukhwini ungagcwaliswa ngezimpondo eziningi, ingasaphathwa eyomakhalekhukhwini.
Esiteshini sangaphambilini, bekunama-antenna ambalwa.
Esikhathini se-5G, inani lezinti alilinganiswa ngezicucu kodwa ngohlelo lwe-antenna "Array".
Nokho, izinti akufanele zisondelane kakhulu.
Ngenxa yezimpawu zama-antenna, i-multi-antenna idinga ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwezimpondo kufanele ligcinwe ngaphezu kohhafu we-wavelength.Uma zisondelana kakhulu, zizophazamisana futhi zithinte ukudluliselwa nokwamukela amasignali.
Lapho isiteshi esingaphansi sidlulisa isignali, sifana nesibani.
Isignali ikhishelwa endaweni ezungezile.Ukuze ukukhanya, yiqiniso, ukukhanyisa igumbi lonke.Uma kuphela ukukhombisa indawo ethile noma into ethile, ukukhanya okuningi kuyamoshwa.
Isiteshi sesisekelo siyefana;amandla amaningi kanye nezinsiza kuyamoshwa.
Ngakho-ke, uma singathola isandla esingabonakali sokubopha ukukhanya okuhlakazekile?
Lokhu akugcini nje ngokusindisa amandla kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ezokhanyiswa inokukhanya okwanele.
Impendulo ithi yebo.
LokhuI-Beamforming
I-Beamforming noma ukuhlunga kwendawo kuyindlela yokucubungula isignali esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezinzwa zokudlulisa isignali eqondisayo noma ukwamukela.Lokhu kufezwa ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ohlwini lwezimpondo ukuze amasiginali kuma-engeli athile ahlangabezane nokuphazamiseka okwakhayo kuyilapho amanye ethola ukuphazamiseka okulimazayo.I-Beamforming ingasetshenziswa kuzo zombili iziphetho zokudlulisa nokwamukela ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhetha kwendawo.
Lobu buchwepheshe bokuphindaphinda indawo bushintshile kusukela ekumbozweni kwesignali ye-omnidirectional kuya ezinsizeni eziqondile zokuqondisa, ngeke kuphazamise phakathi kwemishayo esikhaleni esifanayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ezengeziwe, kuthuthukise kakhulu umthamo wesevisi yesiteshi sesisekelo.
Kunethiwekhi yeselula yamanje, ngisho noma abantu ababili bebizana ubuso nobuso, amasignali adluliselwa ngeziteshi eziyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa amasignali okulawula namaphakethe edatha.
Kepha ngenkathi ye-5G, lesi simo asikho ngempela.
Isici sesihlanu esibalulekile se-5G -I-D2Diyidivayisi kudivayisi.
Esikhathini se-5G, uma abasebenzisi ababili abangaphansi kwesiteshi esisodwa bexhumana, idatha yabo ngeke isadluliselwa esiteshini esiyisisekelo kodwa ngqo kumakhalekhukhwini.
Ngale ndlela, igcina izinsiza eziningi zomoya futhi inciphisa ingcindezi esiteshini sesisekelo.
Kodwa, uma ucabanga ukuthi awudingi ukukhokha ngale ndlela, kusho ukuthi unephutha.
Umlayezo wokulawula nawo udinga ukusuka esiteshini;usebenzisa izinsiza ze-spectrum.Ama-Opharetha angakuyeka kanjani uhambe?
Ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana abuyona imfihlakalo;njengetshe eliyigugu lobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, i-5 G akuwona ubuchwepheshe obungafinyeleleki bokusungula izinto ezintsha;kungaphezu kokuvela kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana obukhona.
Njengoba omunye uchwepheshe asho—
Imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ayinqunyelwe emikhawulweni yezobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa ezicatshangelweni ezisekelwe kwizibalo eziqinile, okungenakwenzeka ukuba zinqanyulwe maduze.
Futhi ukuthi ungaqhubeka kanjani nokuhlola amandla okuxhumana ngaphakathi kobubanzi bezimiso zesayensi ukuphishekela ngokungakhathali kwabantu abaningi embonini yezokuxhumana.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-02-2021